Estimativa do risco de doenças cardiovasculares entre adultos indígenas da etnia krenak, minas gerais, brasil / Estimación de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares entre adultos indígenas de la etnia krenak, minas gerais, brasil / Risk estimation of cardiovascular diseases among indigenous adults of the krenak ethnicity, minas gerais, brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar o risco de doenças cardiovasculares em indígenas Krenak por meio do Escore de Risco Cardiovascular de Framingham. Metodologia: estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado com indígenas de 30 a 74 anos, em Terra Indígena localizada na região leste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados coletados foram: peso e altura para cálculo do IMC, aferição da pressão arterial e glicemia capilar casual, sexo, idade e tabagismo. O risco cardiovascular estimado em 10 anos foi calculado a partir do algoritmo de Escore de Framingham. Além disso, foram calculados o risco cardiovascular normal, o risco cardiovascular ótimo e a idade cardiovascular. A amostra foi caracterizada com a apresentação das frequências absolutas e relativas das variáveis que compõem o escore de risco cardiovascular de Framingham, estratificada pelo sexo. Resultados: observou-se que o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos entre os indígenas Krenak foi superior ao risco normal, bem como a idade cardiovascular foi maior que a idade cronológica, apesar da maioria da amostra ter apresentado um baixo risco cardiovascular em 10 anos, sem diferença estatística entre os sexos. Conclusão: apesar da predominância de baixo risco cardiovascular em 10 anos entre os indígenas Krenak, o resultado da idade cardiovascular superior à idade cronológica pode ocasionar morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares ao longo do tempo nessa população.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar el riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares a los indígenas Krenak por medio de la Puntuación de Riesgo Cardiovascular de Framingham. Metodología: estudio epidemiológico transversal realizado con indígenas de 30 a 74 años, en Tierra Indígena localizada en la región este de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos recolectados fueron: peso y altura para calcular el IMC, medición de la presión arterial y glucemia capilar casual, sexo, edad y tabaquismo. El riesgo cardiovascular estimado en 10 años fue calculado a partir del algoritmo de Puntuación de Framingham. Además, se han calculado el riesgo cardiovascular normal, el riesgo cardiovascular óptimo y la edad cardiovascular. La muestra fue caracterizada con la presentación de las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de las variables que componen la puntuación de riesgo cardiovascular de Framingham, estratificada por sexo. Resultados: se observó que el riesgo cardiovascular en 10 años entre los indígenas Krenak fue superior al riesgo normal, así como la edad cardiovascular fue mayor que la edad cronológica, aunque la mayoría de la muestra presentó un bajo riesgo cardiovascular en 10 años, sin diferencia estadística entre los sexos. Conclusión: a pesar de la predominancia de bajo riesgo cardiovascular en 10 años entre los indígenas Krenak, el resultado de la edad cardiovascular superior a la edad cronológica puede ocasionar morbimortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares a lo largo del tiempo en esa población.

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases in indigenous Krenak through the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score. Methodology: cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with indigenous people aged 30 to 74 years, in Indigenous Land located in the eastern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data collected were: weight and height to calculate BMI, measurement of blood pressure and casual capillary blood glucose, sex, age and smoking. The cardiovascular risk estimated at 10 years was calculated from the Framingham Score algorithm. In addition, normal cardiovascular risk, optimal cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular age were calculated. The sample was characterized with the presentation of absolute and relative frequencies of the variables that make up the cardiovascular risk score of Framingham, stratified by sex. Results: it was observed that cardiovascular risk at 10 years among the Krenak indigenous was higher than normal risk, as well as cardiovascular age was higher than chronological age, although most of the sample had a low cardiovascular risk at 10 years, no statistical difference between the sexes. Conclusion: despite the predominance of low cardiovascular risk in 10 years among the Krenak indigenous, the result of cardiovascular age above chronological age can cause morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases over time in this population.

Prevalência estimada e fatores associados à hipertensão arterial em indígenas adultos Krenak do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Estimated prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Krenak indigenous adults in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalencia estimada y factores asociados a la hipertensión arterial en indígenas adultos Krenak del Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Estudo transversal realizado em 2016, cujo objetivo foi descrever a prevalência estimada e os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial sistêmica entre adultos e idosos Krenak, em Terra Indígena localizada na beira do rio Doce, na região leste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram aferidos peso, estatura, perímetro da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e glicemia capilar. Informações sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida foram obtidas via aplicação de questionário face a face. Modelos de regressão de Poisson foram construídos para estimar a associação independente entre as variáveis de interesse e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi de 31,2% (IC95%: 24,4-37,9) entre os indígenas Krenak. Houve associação independente no modelo final para o aumento da idade, obesidade abdominal e hiperglicemia. Destaca-se a necessidade de ações eficazes de prevenção, de diagnóstico e acompanhamento frente aos fatores modificáveis da hipertensão arterial sistêmica, uma vez que foi observada elevada prevalência dessa condição na comunidade indígena Krenak.

This cross-sectional study in 2016 aimed to describe the estimated prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and associated factors in Krenak adults and elderly in an indigenous community located along the Rio Doce in eastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We measured weight, height, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and capillary blood glucose. Sociodemographic and lifestyle information was obtained from a face-to-face questionnaire. Poisson regression models were constructed to estimate independent associations between the target variables and hypertension. Prevalence of hypertension was 31.2% (95%CI: 24.4-37.9) in Krenak indigenous. The final model showed an independent association with increasing age, abdominal obesity, and hyperglycemia. The results highlight the need for effective measures in prevention, diagnosis, and follow-up of modifiable risk factors for hypertension, since high prevalence of this condition was observed in the Krenak indigenous community.

Estudio transversal realizado en 2016, cuyo objetivo fue describir la prevalencia estimada y los factores asociados a la hipertensión arterial sistémica entre adultos y ancianos Krenak, en Terra Indígena localizada en la ribera del río Doce, en la región este de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se midieron peso, estatura, perímetro de la cintura, presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica y glucemia capilar. Informaciones sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida se obtuvieron vía la aplicación de un cuestionario cara-a-cara. Modelos de regresión de Poisson se construyeron para estimar la asociación independiente entre las variables de interés y la hipertensión arterial sistémica. La prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial sistémica fue de 31,2% (IC95%: 24,4-37,9) entre los indígenas Krenak. Hubo asociación independiente en el modelo final para el aumento de edad, obesidad abdominal e hiperglicemia. Se destaca la necesidad de acciones eficaces de prevención, de diagnóstico y acompañamiento frente a los factores modificables de la hipertensión arterial sistémica, ya que se observó una elevada prevalencia de esa condición en la comunidad indígena Krenak.

[Estimated prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Krenak indigenous adults in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil]. / Prevalência estimada e fatores associados à hipertensão arterial em indígenas adultos Krenak do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

This cross-sectional study in 2016 aimed to describe the estimated prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and associated factors in Krenak adults and elderly in an indigenous community located along the Rio Doce in eastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We measured weight, height, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and capillary blood glucose. Sociodemographic and lifestyle information was obtained from a face-to-face questionnaire. Poisson regression models were constructed to estimate independent associations between the target variables and hypertension. Prevalence of hypertension was 31.2% (95%CI: 24.4-37.9) in Krenak indigenous. The final model showed an independent association with increasing age, abdominal obesity, and hyperglycemia. The results highlight the need for effective measures in prevention, diagnosis, and follow-up of modifiable risk factors for hypertension, since high prevalence of this condition was observed in the Krenak indigenous community.

Estudo transversal realizado em 2016, cujo objetivo foi descrever a prevalência estimada e os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial sistêmica entre adultos e idosos Krenak, em Terra Indígena localizada na beira do rio Doce, na região leste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram aferidos peso, estatura, perímetro da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e glicemia capilar. Informações sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida foram obtidas via aplicação de questionário face a face. Modelos de regressão de Poisson foram construídos para estimar a associação independente entre as variáveis de interesse e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi de 31,2% (IC95%: 24,4-37,9) entre os indígenas Krenak. Houve associação independente no modelo final para o aumento da idade, obesidade abdominal e hiperglicemia. Destaca-se a necessidade de ações eficazes de prevenção, de diagnóstico e acompanhamento frente aos fatores modificáveis da hipertensão arterial sistêmica, uma vez que foi observada elevada prevalência dessa condição na comunidade indígena Krenak.

Estudio transversal realizado en 2016, cuyo objetivo fue describir la prevalencia estimada y los factores asociados a la hipertensión arterial sistémica entre adultos y ancianos Krenak, en Terra Indígena localizada en la ribera del río Doce, en la región este de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se midieron peso, estatura, perímetro de la cintura, presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica y glucemia capilar. Informaciones sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida se obtuvieron vía la aplicación de un cuestionario cara-a-cara. Modelos de regresión de Poisson se construyeron para estimar la asociación independiente entre las variables de interés y la hipertensión arterial sistémica. La prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial sistémica fue de 31,2% (IC95%: 24,4-37,9) entre los indígenas Krenak. Hubo asociación independiente en el modelo final para el aumento de edad, obesidad abdominal e hiperglicemia. Se destaca la necesidad de acciones eficaces de prevención, de diagnóstico y acompañamiento frente a los factores modificables de la hipertensión arterial sistémica, ya que se observó una elevada prevalencia de esa condición en la comunidad indígena Krenak.

Evidências científicas da reabilitação vestibular na atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão sistemática / Scientific evidence of vestibular rehabilitation in primary health care: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivos Investigar, na literatura, a efetividade de tratamentos usados para reabilitação vestibular (RV) na atenção primária à saúde. Estratégia de pesquisa A busca de publicações sobre RV na APS foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE (acesso pela PubMed), PEDro e Web of Science. Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados ensaios clínicos controlados nas línguas inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pela escala PEDro. A análise dos resultados foi contemplada por meio de revisão crítica dos conteúdos. Resultados Cinco estudos foram revisados na íntegra, sendo a faixa etária dos participantes igual ou superior a 18 anos (n=5). A Vertigo Symptom Scale (60%) e a Escala Visual Analógica (40%) foram os instrumentos empregados para avaliar a percepção subjetiva da sintomatologia da disfunção vestibular. A escala PEDro revelou que dois artigos apresentaram delineamento de boa qualidade para condução do estudo experimental. A proposta de intervenção mais utilizada foi baseada nos exercícios de Yardley (60%). Conclusão Estudos controlados disponibilizam evidências de efeitos positivos da reabilitação vestibular na atenção primária à saúde, com melhoras no controle postural, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida dos participantes.

ABSTRACT Purpose Investigate in the literature the effectiveness of treatments used for vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in PHC. Research strategy The search of publications on VR in PHC was carried out in electronic databases MEDLINE (access by PubMed), PEDro and Web of Science. Selection criteria Controlled clinical trials were selected in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. The analysis of the results was examined through a critical review of the contents. Results Five studies were reviewed in their entirety, with the participants' age group being equal to or older than 18 years (n = 5). The Vertigo Symptom Scale and (60%) and Visual Analog Scale (40%) were the instruments used to evaluate the subjective perception of the symptomatology of vestibular dysfunction. The PEDro Scale revealed that two articles presented a good quality design for conducting the experimental study. The most used intervention proposal was the Yardley Exercises (60%). Conclusion Controlled studies provide evidence of positive effects of VR on PHC, with improvements in postural control, functional capacity and quality of life of participants.

Perinatal Outcomes and the Influence of Maternal Characteristics After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the perinatal outcomes and identify what maternal characteristics can influence them in women who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical, prospective, and longitudinal study with pregnant adult women. INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronological age >20 years; singleton pregnancy; RYGB surgery before pregnancy. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: prior malabsorptive or restrictive surgeries; malabsorption syndrome. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistics software, version 17. RESULTS: Thirty pregnant women with 30.22 ± 4.38 years, the interval between surgery and the date of last menstrual period was 17.7 ± 9.07 months. The average prepregnancy body mass index was characterized as overweight (27.36 ± 3.26 kg/m2), total gestational weight gain was 7.68 ± 3.73 kg. The most common pregnancy complications were anemia (73.3%), urinary tract infection (33.4%), and dumping syndrome (33.4%). As for newborns, 58% were male, with a mean of 39.28 ± 0.84 weeks, 90% were classified as appropriate for gestational age, and 93.4% were born at term with adequate weight (39.28 ± 0.84 weeks and 3128.79 ± 271.49 g). Positive and significant correlation was observed between gestational weekly gain in the first trimester and birth weight (r = 0.42, p = 0.024) and between gestational weekly gain in the second trimester and birth weight (r = 0.48, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the completion of RYGB, in general, there was no apparent fetal compromise when considering the analysis of the variables proposed by this study.

Vitamin A status and its relationship with serum zinc concentrations among pregnant women who have previously undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vitamin A status and its relationship with serum zinc concentrations among pregnant women who had previously undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), correlating these measures with anthropometric maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes. METHODS: An analytical prospective longitudinal study was conducted at a clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between March 3, 2008, and March 30, 2012, among women with singleton pregnancies who had previously undergone RYGB. Participants received daily oral supplementation with 5000 IU retinol and 15 mg zinc. Variables assessed included vitamin A status (serum retinol and ß-carotene; gestational night blindness), serum zinc concentration, maternal anthropometry, complications during pregnancy, and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 30 women participated. In all trimesters, more than 60% had inadequate serum levels of retinol or ß-carotene. Night blindness was reported by 17 (57%) women in each trimester. Only 6 (20%) women had zinc inadequacy in the first and third trimesters. No significant association was observed between serum retinol or zinc and maternal anthropometry and birth weight. Vitamin A deficiency was associated with urinary tract infection (first trimester, P=0.020) and dumping syndrome (third trimester, P=0.013). CONCLUSION: Despite RYGB and nutritional deficiencies (especially of vitamin A and zinc) increasing risks during pregnancy, there was no apparent fetal compromise when considering the analysis of birth weight and length of pregnancy at birth.

Vitamin A concentration in human milk and its relationship with liver reserve formation and compliance with the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in pre-term and term infants in exclusive breastfeeding.

PURPOSE: To evaluate vitamin A concentration in mature breast milk of nursing mothers aiming to meet the daily needs and the formation of liver reserve in pre-term (PT) and term infants (T) in comparison with the recommended intake for this nutrient in this group. METHODS: We analyzed the retinol concentration in the milk of 120 nursing mothers (40 of PT infants and 80 of T infants) by collecting 10 mL of mature breast milk, held by a hand spray of one of the breasts 2 h after the last feeding in the morning. The cutoff points adopted for identification of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and the liver reserve were <1.05 and >2.3 µmol/L, respectively. RESULTS: The concentrations of retinol in the human milk of T infants were superior to concentrations in the milk of PT infants (1.87 + 0.81 > 1.38 + 0.67 µmol/L, p < 0.0001). They were higher in T compared to PT (352.64 + 152.72 > 217.65 + 105.65 µg, p < 0.0001), but both were below the recommendation. VAD was 20.0 % (T) and 27.5 % (PT). Only 40.0 % (T) and 22.5 % (PT) of the mothers had retinol concentrations in milk above 2.3 mmol/L. CONCLUSION: The milk of the nursing mothers studied did not have enough retinol to meet the daily needs and to form liver reserve in both groups, especially in PT newborns. This finding reinforces the idea that supplementation with massive doses of vitamin A in the immediate postpartum period can be used as a protective device of the infant against VAD.

Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy after bariatric surgery.

The objective of this study was to describe the main factors related to the installation and/or aggravation of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and its clinical consequences in pregnant women after bariatric surgery. An electronic search on VDD in pregnancy and after bariatric surgery was conducted in publications from 1998 until 2012 that presented studies performed in humans. We provided an overview of VDD after bariatric surgery, in pregnancy, and in pregnancy in women who underwent bariatric surgery. In view of the high percentage of VDD postoperatively and the role of this vitamin in pregnancy, we recommend the investigation of vitamin D nutritional status in prenatal care.

Vitamin a deficiency in pregnancy: perspectives after bariatric surgery.

This study aims to describe the clinical consequences of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in pregnant women after bariatric surgery. Included are studies on VAD during pregnancy and after bariatric surgery conducted in humans from 1993 to 2011. There are few investigations on the relationship between pregnancy and bariatric surgery and on the damage to the binomial mother-child resulting from VAD in this relationship. The high percentage of VAD in the postoperative period is a cause for concern, especially considering the function of this vitamin in certain biological moments and in moments of intense nutritional demand. This vitamin serum evaluation is recommended during the prenatal period.

Consistência das informações de um estudo sobre o impacto da assistência nutricional no atendimento pré-natal / Consistency of data in a study about the impact of nutritional assistance during prenatal care

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a consistência dos dados obtidos no estudo Avaliação do impacto da assistência nutricional pré-natal no resultado obstétrico, por análise da confiabilidade das informações e perdas de seguimento ocorridas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, prospectivo, em uma coorte de gestantes. O grupo pré-intervenção (GI) foi constituído de 225 puérperas adultas (1999-2001) e o grupo intervenção (GII), de 208 gestantes adultas (2005-2006) e seus respectivos recém-nascidos, atendidos em Maternidade Pública do Rio de Janeiro. Visando à padronização dos procedimentos de coleta de dados, os pesquisadores receberam treinamento, reciclagem e foram supervisionados. Além disso, elaborou-se um manual de instruções para consulta no trabalho de campo, foi feito um estudo piloto para testar os instrumentos; a análise da consistência dos dados foi semanal. Para avaliar a confiabilidade da obtenção das informações, foram aplicadas as estatísticas Kappa (k) e o Índice de Concordância Intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: As perdas de seguimento do GII foram de 8,4%. Houve boa padronização dos procedimentos de obtenção das informações em ambos os grupos, com ICC>0,92 e k>0,65 no GI e, para o GII, ICC>0,94 e k>0,71. Destaca-se a alta concordância entre o peso pré-gestacional informado e o aferido no primeiro trimestre (ICC=0,961). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que as estratégias adotadas no presente estudo contribuíram para o baixo percentual de perdas de seguimento e garantia da qualidade dos dados, permitindo a reprodutibilidade dos resultados.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the consistency of the results obtained in the study Assessment of the impact of prenatal nutritional assistance on pregnancy outcome by testing the reliability of data and analyzing follow-up losses. METHODS: This is a prospective intervention study in a cohort of pregnant women. Pre-intervention group (GI) was formed by 225 postpartum women (1999-2001) and the intervention group (GII), by 208 pregnant women (2005-2006) and their respective newborn infants assisted in a public maternity hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In order to standardize data collection, field researchers were trained, recycled and supervised, and an instruction guide was developed. A pilot study was done to test the tools and assessment of data consistency was performed weekly. Evaluation of reliability used Kappa (k) statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The follow-up losses of GII were 8.4%. There was a good standardization of procedures to obtain information in both groups, with an ICC>0.82 and k>0.65 for GI and ICC>0.94 and k>0.71 for GII. There was a high concordance between the pre-pregnancy weight informed and the weight measured in the first trimester (ICC=0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The strategies adopted in the present study contributed to the low percentage of follow-up losses and to guarantee the quality of data, allowing reliability of results.

Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in Brazilian pregnant women / Evaluación antropométrica del estado nutricional de embarazadas brasileñas

Se revisó la literatura disponible publicada entre 1957 y 2007 sobre la evaluación antropométrica de embarazadas y se analizaron críticamente las metodologías recomendadas. Las mediciones antropométricas constituyen el método más frecuentemente empleado debido a su reconocida utilidad para prevenir la morbimortalidad perinatal, predecir la salud del niño y promover la salud de la madre. Ha habido un intenso debate sobre el aumento óptimo de peso durante la gestación, que ha llevado a cambiar las recomendaciones nutricionales. Hasta la década de 1960 se sugería limitar el aumento de peso gestacional como una forma de evitar un resultado obstétrico desfavorable. Se reconoce que la metodología recomendada por el Instituto de Medicina (1990/1992) es la más aceptada en todo el mundo y ha servido de estándar de referencia en muchos estudios, sin embargo, también se presentan otros métodos (que utilizan modelos gráficos e indicadores basados en el índice de masa corporal y la tasa peso-altura gestacionales). Para contribuir a la salud materno-infantil se necesitan estudios que validen los indicadores de alteraciones nutricionales durante el em barazo y que tengan elevados valores de sensibilidad y es pecificidad con respecto a los desenlaces obstétricos inde seables, y determinar un estándar universal del aumento de peso durante la gestación.